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Cable waterproofing methods are generally categorized into longitudinal and radial methods. Longitudinal waterproofing methods commonly used include water-blocking yarn, water-blocking powder, and water-blocking tape. These materials contain a water-swellable material. When water enters the cable through the cable end or a defect in the sheath, this material rapidly expands, preventing further diffusion along the cable's longitudinal direction, thus achieving longitudinal waterproofing. Radial waterproofing is primarily achieved through extrusion of a non-metallic HDPE sheath or hot-pressing, welding, or cold-drawing a metal sheath.